World Wide Web

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What is web Browser?

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) that may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web serversin private networks or files in file systems.

The most popular web browsers are Chrome, Edge (preceded by Internet Explorer), Safari, Opera and Firefox.

Examples of web browsers

What is Web Address?

A web address, also known as a URL (uniform resource locator), is an Internet or intranet name that points to to a location where a file, directory or website page is hosted. Website addresses can represent the home page of a web site, a script, image, photo, movie or other file made available on a server for viewing, processing or download. They can also be embedded into the code of web pages in the form of hyperlinks to direct the user to other locations on the Internet.

Web Address consist of :

• protocol
• domain name
• web path
• web page name

                           

Examples of Web Address :

                               
  Example of Web Address

Function

This name translates, through a DNS service, to a unique number called an IP address. This IP address is registered and gets routed through the Internet to a hosting provider. Servers at the hosting provider present the user with the file or web page requested. Errors are presented to the user if the provider has improperly configured the environment or traffic limits have been exceeded.

Obtaining a Unique Web Address

A website address can be obtained from a web hosting provider such as GoDaddy or any other provider accredited as an ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) registrar.

Significance

The DNS (domain name service) is one of the most important technologies related to the website address. Without a DNS, websites could only be accessed through their respective IP address, which includes a series of numbers (for example, 192.168.1.1). This would require reliance on numbers to get to your favorite websites on the Internet.

What is Web Page Navigation ?

Web navigation refers to the process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia. The user interface that is used to do so is called a web browser.

A central theme in web design is the development of a web navigation interface that maximizes usability.

A website's overall navigational scheme includes several navigational pieces such as global, local, supplemental, and contextual navigation; all of these are vital aspects of the broad topic of web navigation. Hierarchical navigation systems are vital as well since it is the primary navigation system. It allows for the user to navigate within the site using levels alone, which is often seen as restricting and requires additional navigation systems to better structure the website. The global navigation of a website, as another segment of web navigation, serves as the outline and template in order to achieve an easy maneuver for the users accessing the site, while local navigation is often used to help the users within a specific section of the site. All these navigational pieces fall under the categories of various types of web navigation, allowing for further development and for more efficient experiences upon visiting a webpage.

What is Web Searching ?

• A primary reason that people use the Web is to search for specific information, including text, pictures, music and video.

• The first step in successful searching is to identify the main idea or concept in the topic about which you are seeking information.

Different Types of Internet Connections

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There are many ways a personal electronic device can connect to the internet. They all use different hardware and each has a range of connection speeds. As technology changes, faster internet connections are needed to handle those changes. I thought it would be interesting to list some of the different types of internet connections that are available for home and personal use, paired with their average speeds.

There are two different types of connection which is :

• Dial-up connection 
• Broadband internet connection / direct connection

DIAL-UP CONNECTION

Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) by dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone line. The user's computer or router uses an attached modem to encode and decode information into and from audio frequency signals, respectively.

             CONVENTIONAL DIAL UP

(to connect to the Internet, your computer dials its modem and connects to a modem attached to a computer belonging to your ISP.) 

• PC has to dial via a phone line to connect 

Characteristics of Conventional dial-up:

•  Slower, but cheaper 
• Ties up phone lines 
• Relatively secure from hackers 

Example :- TMNet

ISDN ( INTERGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK)

• also transfer data over ordinary telephone lines 
• Typically uses two phone lines to transfer data 
• ISDN requires a special ISDN modem 
• Characteristics of ISDN: 

Faster, but pricey
Doesn’t tie up phone line
Used by businesses and individuals

BROADBAND INTERNET CONNECTION / DIRECT CONNECTION

Broadband Internet service truly is the most used form of Internet access because of its high access speeds; it is offered in four different forms, DSL (or Digital Subscriber Line), also fiber-optic, cable, and satellite. The old dial-up connection is the only non-broadband internet service available, and even though it is cheaper, most Internet users are moving towards the faster broadband Internet connection.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

Fixed Wireless

FTTP (Fibre To The Premises)

Cellular Radio Network

Cable Internet Service

Wi-Fi

Satellite Internet Service

Introduction To Internet

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The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols calledTCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

For most Internet users, electronic mail (email) practically replaced the postal service for short written transactions. People communicate over the Internet in a number of other ways including Internet Relay Chat (IRC),  Internet telephony, instant messaging, video chat or  social media.


Using the Web, you have access to billions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.

INTERNET , EXTRANET AND INTRANET

• Intranet is shared content accessed by members within a single organization.
• Extranet is shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries.
• Internet is global communication accessed through the Web.

For better comprehension, take a look at this drawing:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

INTERNET

INTRANET

EXTRANET

Network Topology

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Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network.

Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home network may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

                                            Differences between LAN, MAN, and WAN